TOURS IN CAPPADOCIA ,HOME | HOTELS IN ISTANBUL & TURKEY | TOURS IN ISTANBUL | TOURS IN TURKEY | FLATS IN ISTANBUL | ABOUT US | CONTACT US TOURS IN CAPPADOCIA( Daily Cappadocia Group Tours, Balloon Tour,Daily trip from Istanbul , Package Tours in Cappadocia,Hotel Reservation ) Daily Group South Cappadocia Tour,Daily Group South 1 Cappadocia Tour,Daily Group North Cappadocia Tour,Daily Cappadocia Tour by Plane,2 Days Cappadocia Trip by Plane Cappadocia Balloon Ride Tour,Cappadocia 2 Days Tour By Bus,Cappadocia 3 Days Tours By Bus,5 Days Cappadocia Pamukkale Ephesus By Plane ,2 Days Cappadocia Trip From Kayseri,3 Days Cappadocia Trip From Kayseri with ,Balloon Tour ,Cappadocia Pottery Workshop,Main Page ,Please send us a mail about group tours in Istanbul : info@istanbullife.org,Istanbul Art Culture Tours : http://www.istanbullife.org/tours-in-istanbul.html,TOURS IN TURKEY AND ISTANBUL AND TURKEY TURCHIA ESTAMBUL,TOURS IN ISTANBUL & TURKEY,Most Popular Tours,Tour Code : IST - 01M - - Istanbul Classic Tour ,Tour Code : CAP - 01F - - Daily Cappadocia Tour,Tour Code : CAP - 01B - - By Bus 2 Days Tour ,Tour Code : IST - 03 - - - Byzantine & Ottoman Tour Tour Code : CAP - 06B - - By Bus 4 Days Tour ,Tour Code : EPH - 01F - - Daily Ephesus Tour ,Cappadocia Balloons ,Tour Code : IST - 06 - - Bosphorus & Two Cont.Random Tours,Istanbul Daily City Tours ,Cappadocia Balloons,Tour Code : IST - 06 - - Bosphorus & Two Cont.,Tour Code : IST - 07M - 07 Golden Horn Tour Tour Code : CAP - 06B - - By Bus 4 Days Tour ,Tour Code : EPH - 02B - - By Bus 2 Days Tour,Tour Code : EPH - 01F - - Daily Ephesus Tour Special Turkey Package Tours,Special Package Tours,Tours in Istanbul and Turkey By PLANE,Cappadocia Tour,By Plane1 Day,Tour Code : CAP-01F ,Cappadocia Tour,By Plane,2 Days ,Tour Code : CAP-03F,Cappadocia Pamukkale Ephesus,21 DAYS MAGICAL TURKEY TOUR BY ISTANBUL LIFE ORG ,tours in turkey , tours in istanbul ,tours in ephesus,tours in pamukkale, tours in bursa,1 Day ,Most Popular Tours,Tour Code : IST - 01M - - Istanbul Classic Tour Tour Code : CAP - 01F - - Daily Cappadocia Tour Tour Code : CAP - 01B - - By Bus 2 Days Tour Tour Code : IST - 03 - - - Byzantine & Ottoman Tour Tour Code : CAP - 06B - - By Bus 4 Days Tour Tour Code : EPH - 01F - - Daily Ephesus Tour Cappadocia Balloons Tour Code : IST - 06 - - Bosphorus & Two Cont.Istanbul Ephesus Pamukkale Cappadocia 4 Days Istanbul Group Tour 21 Days Magical Turkey Tour Randm Tours,Istanbul Daily City Tours Cappadocia Balloons Tour Code : IST - 06 - - Bosphorus & Two Cont. Tour Code : IST - 07M - 07 Golden Horn TourTour Code : CAP - 06B - - By Bus 4 Days Tour our Code : EPH - 02B - - By Bus 2 Days Tour Tour Code : EPH - 01F - - Daily Ephesus Tour Special Turkey Package Tours21 Days Magical Turkey Tour Welcome to Turkey. We will meet you at the airport and transfer you to your hotel MINA Hotel,http://www.istanbullife.org/hotels/charming/mina-hotel.htm After a short briefing about your tour you will have Free Time for Sightseeing.,( Optional Turkish Bath Tour )http://www.istanbullife.org/tours/bath.htm 2 Day Pick up from the hotel at 08 : 15 am for the Bosphorus Cruise Dolmabahce Palace& Two Continents Daily http://www.istanbullife.org/fullday-bosphorus-two-continents-tour.html Departure at 08.30 am and Returns at 17.00 pm,Lunch ( at the top of Camlica Hill ) ,Camlica Hill, the highest point in Istanbul,exposing a panoramic view of Istanbul city and Bosphorus from the best point of view.,3 Day ,Pick up from the flat at 08 : 15 am for Full Day Byzantine & Ottoman Tour 3 http://www.istanbullife.org/full-day-byzantine-ottoman-tour.html ,Byzantine& Ottoman Relics - Walking Tour ,Daily departure at 08.30 and returns at 17.00 Visit = Hagia (St.) Sophia , Blue Mosque,Hippodrome,Caferaga Medresesi,Lunch at the Special Turkish Restaurant,Topkapi Palace Museum ,Turkish Islamic Arts Museum,Grand Bazaar 4 Day ,Free Day ,Whirling Dervish Ceremony Show at night Pick up time is = 19 : 30 pm,,Fatih Monestry,,Fatih = ,http://www.istanbullife.org/whirling_dervish-ceremony-in-fatih-tekke.html Before go to the monestry we will give you speech about Sufism.. Day 5 ,Free time in the morning,You will have Turkish Cooking Lesson in the afternoon time,http://www.istanbullife.org/turkish-cooking-courses.htm 22.30 You will take overnight 1st class sleeping train to Ankara .,Day 6 ,08.30 am Arrival to Ankara train station and we take you from train station to visit As you go into the Turkish capital, the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations open wide its’ doors to the past civilizations and cultures of vast Anatolian lands, and visiting the Ataturk’s Mausoleum, informs you about the founder of the modern Turkey.After lunch we drive to your hotel at Cappadocia (L),Day 7 ,After breakfast 09.00 we start for 1st day tour, Devrent imagination valley(a lunar landscape), Zelve open air museum(houses carved in rock, Seljukian mosque & remains nearly from all the ancient civilizations), Pasabaglari(Fairy chimneys), Avanos(pottery demonstration with the Hittite tecnique), Lunch in the Pigeon valley(in a cave restaurant - open buffet), Uchisar rock-castle, Esentepe(panoramic view of Goreme valley) and Goreme open air museum(rock cut churches, frescos, monastery).17.00 our tour finish , we take to your hotel and you are free for dinner. (L) + Hotel in Urgup / Göreme Day 8 ,After breakfast 09.00 we start for 2nd day tour, Mustafapasa(old Greek village Sinasos), Keslik monastery, Taskinpasa medresesi,(an Ottoman theological school), Soganli valley(3 km walking in the traditional village, churches and Lunch), Cemil (Greek-orthodox church) ,and Kaymakli underground city. 17.00 our tour finish and we take you to your hotel (B, L) ,hakan hacibekiroglu,Day 9 After breakfast 09.00 Bus to Konya and free day in Konya. You will stay overnight in the Konya. ( B ) Day 10 After breakfast we take you to bus station and take your bus to Antalya at 12.00.You will arrival around 17.00 Antalya bus station and we transfer to your hotel. (B) Day 11 08:30 After breakfast departure from your hotel to Perge and Aspendos. One of the largest ancient citys in the Pamphylia region. Perge was the capital city of Pamphylia. The Roman Bath, the Agora, Colonadedstreet, Nymphaion and the Stadium will be visited and after lunch we visit Manavgat waterfall and theRoman Era such as Theatre, Roman Bath,and Apollo’sTemple in the Side.Our tour finishes 17.00.We come back your hotel. (B,L)Day 12 ,We will take you from your hotel 08.30 after breakfast we will go to Termessos and Duden Waterfall.The ruins of the city of Termessos are perched on a ,1050metre high plateau on the west face of the Güllük Mountain (Solymos) found in Mt.Güllük National Park on the northwest of Antalya. A wild and splendid landscape surrounds the monumental traces of this city. Termessians (Pisidian people) lived in their impregnable fortress city andguarded ,theirindependence fiercely. Alexander the Great was fought off in 333 B.C. and the Romans accepted Termessos as an independent ally, not as a subject city in 70 B.C. After lunch we will visit Dude Watrefall ,and we will come to your hotel around 17.00. (B,L) Day 13 hakan hacibekiroglu,You will get your breakfast at your hotel and free day in Antalya.We will take you to bus station for 12.00 bus to Pamukkale.17.00 arrival and we take you to your hotel in the Pamukkale (B) day 14 ,We start our tour at 09.00 after breakfast for Pamukkale and Hierapolis . Domitian Gate, Colannaded Gate, Cathedral, Red waters of Karahayit, Pamukkale Museum & The Travertines of Pamukkale .After tour 17.00 bus transfer to Selcuk or Kusadasi.19.30 arrivaland we take you to your hotel. (B,L) Day 15 After breakfast 09.00 we start our tour for Ephesus, One of the world's finest examples of an ancient classical city; Temple of Artemis (Diana), the site of one of the seven wonders of the ancient world; House of Virgin Mary, probably where She spent recent years of Her life; Isa Bey Mosque, this impressive mosque from XIV. Century A.D. is unlike any other you will see in this country. 17.00 our tour finishes and flight to Istanbul and transfer to your hotel. (B,L) Stay at the Mina Hotel again..http://www.istanbullife.org/hotels/charming/mina-hotel.htm ,Day 16 ,You will be tired so this is free day for you.. Pick up from the hotel at 20:00 pm to go to the GALATA TOWER Night Show,http://www.istanbullife.org/galata-tower-night-show.htm After the show we will take the hotel again around 23:50 pm,Day 17 ,Princess Island Tour;,http://www.istanbullife.org/princess-island-tour.html Pick up from the hotel at 08 : 15 am for princess island ,Departure at 08.30 am and Returns at 17.00 pm,Day 18 ,Full Day Bursa ( Green Bursa Tour ) http://www.istanbullife.org/full-day-bursa-tour.html,Daily departure from your hotel at 06.50 am and returns at 20.30 pm,Day 19 ,Half Day Calligraphy Tour in the morning at 10 : 00 am http://www.istanbullife.org/calligraphy-lessons-in-istanbul.html ,Lunch,Half Day Turkish Marbling Lesson in the afternoon at 14:00 pm,http://www.istanbullife.org/turkish_marbling_lesson_in_istanbul.html ,Day 20 ,Half Day Istanbul Photo Safari Tour ( From 08:45 am Until 14:00 pm ) http://www.istanbullife.org/photo-tour-in-istanbul.html ,Day 21 Transfer from the flat to ATATURK Airport ,Have a nice flight :) ,Per person fee is in a double room = 2550 Euros This Tour is Included ; ,train tickets,Bus tickets,flight tickets,All Hotels Reservation in Turkey,English speaking guide, ,All Eentries fees All Transportation service in Turkey with A/C,Calligraphy Lesson in Istanbul,Turkish Marbling Lesson in Istanbul,Cooking Class in Istanbul ,Princess Island Tour in Istanbul Classic Sultanahmet Tour in Istanbul,Bosphorus Tour in Istanbul,Real Dervish Ceremony in Istanbul,One day Group Ankara tour,2 Days Group Cappadocia tours One Day Group Konya tour,2 Days Group Antalya tours,One Day Group Ephesus tour,Istanbul Photo Safari Tour,Galata Tower Night Show ( Dinner show showman and round trip transfer service ),This Tour is Excluded; ,tips,Drinks,International Flight Tickets.,24/7 Online Reservation = hakan_hacibekiroglu@yahoo.com TURKISH MARBLING LESSON IN ISTANBUL,ebru,ebru, marble,ebru, marble, Ebru, Marble, Marble lessons, Learning Marble, Marble in istanbul, ebru workshops, marble workshop, ebru lessons, ebru lesson, marble lesson in turkey,marble turkey, marble turkiye, ottoman marble, private marble lessons, ebru teaching, marble teaching, alp aksahin, alp ebru, alp marble, marbling, marbleization in istanbul,,paper marbling, fabric marbling, faux marbling, parrys graining and marbling, marbling paint, contemporary create design fabric marbling paper technique traditional, ,marbling technique, art of marbling, art of marbling in istanbul, art of marbling in turkey, MarbleS IN ISTANBUL, The art of marbling,Turkish women artist,art of istanbul,History of the academy of fine arts,Turkish painting,Department of archeology and history of art,Muhendishane-i Berri-i Humayun,Some Turkish artists like Osman Hamdi Bey,turkish art,Seker/Sugar Ahmet Pasha,Institutions And Persons With Collections Of Important Turkish Paintings,General Resources,Resources For Special Topics,Music,Ceramics,Mosaics,Books,Postcards,Woods,Textile,Miniatures,Carpets & Kilims,Calligraphy,Hikmet BARUTCUGIL,Mimar Sinan University,Central Asia languageswhich means “moire, veined fabric, paper etc.Silk Road,TURKISH PAPER,SUFISM AND ART,Islamic art lies in Sufism,TURKISH AND ISLAMIC ART,Art Workshops,MATERIALS USED IN CLASSICAL TURKISH MARBLING,Gum tragacath,Dye,Paintbrush,Basin,Watenr,Paper,Gall,Anatolian,Persian and Turkestan,MARBLING APPLIED TO PAPER PATTERNS,Mehmet Efendi(the orator of Sainta Sophia,deceased in 1973),Necmetting Okyay. Ebru, Marble, Marble lessons, Learning Marble, Marble in istanbul, ebru workshops, marble workshop, ebru lessons, ebru lesson, marble lesson in turkey marble, Ebru, Marble, Marble lessons, Learning Marble, Marble in istanbul, ebru workshops, marble workshop, ebru lessons, ebru lesson, marble lesson in turkey,marble turkey, marble turkiye, ottoman marble, private marble lessons, ebru teaching, marble teaching, alp aksahin, alp ebru, alp marble, marbling, marbleization in istanbul,paper marbling, fabric marbling, faux marbling, parrys graining and marbling, marbling paint, contemporary create design fabric marbling paper technique traditional, marbling technique, art of marbling, art of marbling in istanbul, art of marbling in turkey, MarbleS IN ISTANBUL, The art of marbling,Turkish women artist,art of istanbul,History of the academy of fine arts,Turkish painting,Department of archeology and history of art,Muhendishane-i Berri-i Humayun,Some Turkish artists like Osman Hamdi Bey,turkish art,Seker/Sugar Ahmet Pasha,Institutions And Persons With Collections Of Important Turkish Paintings,General Resources,Resources For Special Topics,Music,Ceramics,Mosaics,Books,Postcards,Woods,Textile,Miniatures,Carpets & Kilims,Calligraphy,Hikmet BARUTCUGIL,Mimar Sinan University,Central Asia languageswhich means “moire, veined fabric, paper etc.Silk Road,TURKISH PAPER,SUFISM AND ART,Islamic art lies in Sufism,TURKISH AND ISLAMIC ART,Art Workshops,MATERIALS USED IN CLASSICAL TURKISH MARBLING,Gum tragacath,Dye,Paintbrush,Basin,Watenr,Paper,Gall,Anatolian,Persian and ,Turkestan,MARBLING APPLIED TO PAPER PATTERNS,Mehmet Efendi(the orator of Sainta Sophia,deceased in 1973)Necmetting Okyay.Turkish Art Workshops with Betul,Mrs. Betul is our professional Artist that is graduated from Mimar Sinan University department of fine Arts in Istanbul. She is professional in Ottoman Calligraphy - Tile Design & Turkish Motives - Ottoman Paper Marbling. Turkish Paper marbling is a method of aqueous surface design, which can produce patterns similar to marble or other stone, hence the name. The patterns are the result of color floated on either plain water or a viscous solution known as size, and then carefully transferred to a sheet of paper (or other surfaces such as fabric). This decorative material has been used to cover a variety of surfaces for several centuries. It is often employed as a writing surface fo calligraphy, and especially book covers and endpapers in bookbinding and stationery. Part of its appeal is that each print is a unique monoprint.Need a break from the hustle and bustle of tourist life in Istanbul? Come take an art class with us ! Ottoman - Turkish Calligraphy, also known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of writing, and by extension, of bookmaking. This art has most often employed the Arabic script, throughout many languages.ebru, marble, Ebru, Marble, Marble lessons, Learning Marble, Marble in istanbul, ebru workshops, marble workshop, ebru lessons, ebru lesson, marble lesson in turkey marble turkey, marble turkiye, ottoman marble, private marble lessons, ebru teaching, marble teaching, alp aksahin, alp ebru, alp marble, marbling, marbleization in istanbul,TURKISH MARBLING, EBRU Marbled paper, called ebru in Turkish, was used extensively in the binding of books and within the calligraphic panels in Turkey. The existing word ebre in Eastern Turkish, meaning variegated, points to the fact that marbling might have been known by the populations of Central Asia. Its origin might ultimately hark back to China, where a document from the T'ang dynasty (618-907) mentions a process of coloring paper on water with five hues. In the early examples from the 16th c. in the Ottoman-Turkish era, ebru appears in the battal (stone) form, namely without any manipulation. Interestingly, several variations developed in time, giving us types such as gelgit, tarakli, hatip, bülbül yuvasi, çiçekli (respectively come-and-go, combed, preacher, nightingale's nest, flowered, etc.) An attempt has been made here to show some of its principal patterns, with samples by the master marblers of this century chosen from our collection.Ebru technique consists of sprinkling colours containing a few drops of ox-gall on to the surface of the bath sized with kitre (gum tragacanth) in a trough. By carefully laying the paper over the bath, the floating picture on top of it is readily transferred to the paper; thus, each ebru is a one of a kind print. To obtain beautiful ebru results, one needs to have a light hand, refined taste, and an open mind to the unexpected patterns forming on the water. Patience and a good knowledge of traditional culture are characteristic of ebru masters.After the 1550's, booklovers in Europe prized ebru, which came to be known as ‘Turkish papers’. Many specimens in their collections and in the several album amicorum books are visible today in various museums. Also, early texts dealing with ebru, such as “Discourse on decorating paper in the Turkish manner”,By Plane,5 DaysTour Code : CAP-09F,Ephesus Tour,By Plane,,1 Day,Tour Code : EPH-01F,Ephesus Pamukkale Antalya,HAKAN HACIBEKIROGLU,By Plane,5 Days,Tour Code : EPH-09FEphesus Pamukkale Marmaris Boat,By Plane,7 Days,Tour Code : EPH-10F,Ephesus Pamukkale Cappadocia,By Plane,5 Days,Tour Code : EPH-11F,Seven Churches By Plane ,3 Days,Tour Code : SCH-01F,Ephesus Pamukkale,By Plane,2 Days,Tour Code : EPH-03F,Pamukkale Tour,By Plane,1 Day,our Code : PAM-01FTours in Istanbul and Turkey By BUS,appadocia Tour ,By Bus ,2 Days,Tour Code : CAP-01B,Cappadocia Tour,By Bus,3 Days,Tour Code : CAP-02BCAppadocia Mt. Nemrut Urfa,By Bus,6 Days,,Tour Code : CAP-04B,,Cappadocia Mt. Nemrut Urfa Konya,By Bus,6 Days,Tour Code : CAP-05BCappadociaPamukkale Ephesus,By Bus,4 Days,Tour Code : CAP-06B,Ephesus Pamukkale Cappadocia ,By Bus,4 Days ,Tour Code : EPH-07B,Cappadocia Pamukkale Ephesus ,By Bus,5 Days,Tour Code : CAP-08B,,Ephesus Pamukkale ,,By Bus ,,2 Days,Tour Code : EPH-02B,Ephesus Didyma Miletus Prin,e,By Bus,2 DaysTour Code : EPH-04B,Pamukkale Ephesus Cappadocia ,y Bus,4 Days,Tour Code : PAM-01B,Gallipoli Troy Pergamum Ephesus Pamukkale,By Bus,4 DaysTour Code : GEL-05B,Cappadocia Olympos Boat Fethiye Pamukkale Ephesus,By Bus ,8 Days,Tour Code : CAP-07B,Ephesus Pamukkale Fethiye Boat Olympos Cappadocia,By Bus,,10 Days,Tour Code : EPH-05B,,Ephesus Didyma Miletus Prine Pamukkale Cappadocia,By Bus,5 Days,Tour Code : EPH-06B,Ephesus Didyma Miletus Prine Pamukkale Cappadocia,By Bus,5 Days,Tour Code : EPH-06B,Ephesus Didyma Miletus Prine Pamukkale Antalya Cappadocia,y Bus ,10 Days,Tour Code : EPH-08B,Gallipoli Troy Pergamum Ephesus Pamukkale Cappadocia,y Bus,6 Days,Tour Code : GEL-01B,Gallipoli Troy Pergamum Ephesus Pamukkale Olympos Boat,By Bus,10 Days,Tour Code : GEL-02BGallipoli Troy Pergamum Ephesus Pamukkale Fethiye Boat Olympos Cappadocia,By Bus ,12 Days ,Tour Code : GEL-03B,Gallipoli Troy Pergamum Ephesus Pamukkale Antalya Cappadocia,By Bus,10 Days,Tour Code : GEL-04B,Gallipoli Troy Per. Ephesus P.kale Aphrodisias Marmaris Boat Bodrum Cappadocia,By Bus,19 DaysTour Code : GEL-06B,Gallipoli Troy Pergamum Ephesus Pamukkale Antalya,By Bus ,8 Days ,Tour Code : GEL-07B,Tours in Istanbul and Turkey By TRAIN,Ankara Cappadocia Ephesus Pamukkale ,By Train,6 Days,Tour Code : ANK-01T,Ankara Cappadocia Konya,By Train4 Days,Tour Code : ANK-02T,Ankara Cappadocia Konya Antalya Pamukkale Ephesus,y Train,10 Days ,Tour Code : ANK-03T,Home ,Hotels in Istanbul,Hotels in Turkey,Tours in Istanbul,Tours in Turkey,Rent A Flat,,Rent A Car,Istanbul Life ORG Services,,Contact Us Istanbul Life.Org : Ishak Pasa Caddesi No: 6 Sultanahmet / ISTANBUL - TURKEY Tel : + 90 (212) 638 12 15 Fax : + 90 (212) 638 76 06 E-mail : info@istanbullife.org,21 DAYS MAGICAL TURKEY TOUR BY ISTANBUL LIFE ORG ,tours in turkey , tours in istanbul ,tours in ephesus,tours in pamukkale, tours in bursa,1 Day Welcome to Turkey. We will meet you at the airport and transfer you to your hotel MINA Hotel,http://www.istanbullife.org/hotels/charming/mina-hotel.htm After a short briefing about your tour you will have Free Time for Sightseeing.,( Optional Turkish Bath Tour )http://www.istanbullife.org/tours/bath.htm 2 Day Pick up from the hotel at 08 : 15 am for the Bosphorus Cruise Dolmabahce Palace& Two Continents Daily http://www.istanbullife.org/fullday-bosphorus-two-continents-tour.html Departure at 08.30 am and Returns at 17.00 pm,Lunch ( at the top of Camlica Hill ) ,Camlica Hill, the highest point in Istanbul,exposing a panoramic view of Istanbul city and Bosphorus from the best point of view.,3 Day ,Pick up from the flat at 08 : 15 am for Full Day Byzantine & Ottoman Tour 3 http://www.istanbullife.org/full-day-byzantine-ottoman-tour.html ,Byzantine& Ottoman Relics - Walking Tour ,Daily departure at 08.30 and returns at 17.00 Visit = Hagia (St.) Sophia , Blue Mosque,Hippodrome,Caferaga Medresesi,Lunch at the Special Turkish Restaurant,Topkapi Palace Museum ,Turkish Islamic Arts Museum,Grand Bazaar 4 Day ,Free Day ,Whirling Dervish Ceremony Show at night Pick up time is = 19 : 30 pm,,Fatih Monestry,,Fatih = ,http://www.istanbullife.org/whirling_dervish-ceremony-in-fatih-tekke.html Before go to the monestry we will give you speech about Sufism.. Day 5 ,Free time in the morning,You will have Turkish Cooking Lesson in the afternoon time,http://www.istanbullife.org/turkish-cooking-courses.htm 22.30 You will take overnight 1st class sleeping train to Ankara .,Day 6 ,08.30 am Arrival to Ankara train station and we take you from train station to visit As you go into the Turkish capital, the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations open wide its’ doors to the past civilizations and cultures of vast Anatolian lands, and visiting the Ataturk’s Mausoleum, informs you about the founder of the modern Turkey.After lunch we drive to your hotel at Cappadocia (L),Day 7 ,After breakfast 09.00 we start for 1st day tour, Devrent imagination valley(a lunar landscape), Zelve open air museum(houses carved in rock, Seljukian mosque & remains nearly from all the ancient civilizations), Pasabaglari(Fairy chimneys), Avanos(pottery demonstration with the Hittite tecnique), Lunch in the Pigeon valley(in a cave restaurant - open buffet), Uchisar rock-castle, Esentepe(panoramic view of Goreme valley) and Goreme open air museum(rock cut churches, frescos, monastery).17.00 our tour finish , we take to your hotel and you are free for dinner. (L) + Hotel in Urgup / Göreme Day 8 ,After breakfast 09.00 we start for 2nd day tour, Mustafapasa(old Greek village Sinasos), Keslik monastery, Taskinpasa medresesi,(an Ottoman theological school), Soganli valley(3 km walking in the traditional village, churches and Lunch), Cemil (Greek-orthodox church) ,and Kaymakli underground city. 17.00 our tour finish and we take you to your hotel (B, L) ,hakan hacibekiroglu,Day 9 After breakfast 09.00 Bus to Konya and free day in Konya. You will stay overnight in the Konya. ( B ) Day 10 After breakfast we take you to bus station and take your bus to Antalya at 12.00.You will arrival around 17.00 Antalya bus station and we transfer to your hotel. (B) Day 11 08:30 After breakfast departure from your hotel to Perge and Aspendos. One of the largest ancient citys in the Pamphylia region. Perge was the capital city of Pamphylia. The Roman Bath, the Agora, Colonadedstreet, Nymphaion and the Stadium will be visited and after lunch we visit Manavgat waterfall and theRoman Era such as Theatre, Roman Bath,and Apollo’sTemple in the Side.Our tour finishes 17.00.We come back your hotel. (B,L)Day 12 ,We will take you from your hotel 08.30 after breakfast we will go to Termessos and Duden Waterfall.The ruins of the city of Termessos are perched on a ,1050metre high plateau on the west face of the Güllük Mountain (Solymos) found in Mt.Güllük National Park on the northwest of Antalya. A wild and splendid landscape surrounds the monumental traces of this city. Termessians (Pisidian people) lived in their impregnable fortress city andguarded ,theirindependence fiercely. Alexander the Great was fought off in 333 B.C. and the Romans accepted Termessos as an independent ally, not as a subject city in 70 B.C. After lunch we will visit Dude Watrefall ,and we will come to your hotel around 17.00. (B,L) Day 13 hakan hacibekiroglu,You will get your breakfast at your hotel and free day in Antalya.We will take you to bus station for 12.00 bus to Pamukkale.17.00 arrival and we take you to your hotel in the Pamukkale (B) day 14 ,We start our tour at 09.00 after breakfast for Pamukkale and Hierapolis . Domitian Gate, Colannaded Gate, Cathedral, Red waters of Karahayit, Pamukkale Museum & The Travertines of Pamukkale .After tour 17.00 bus transfer to Selcuk or Kusadasi.19.30 arrivaland we take you to your hotel. (B,L) Day 15 After breakfast 09.00 we start our tour for Ephesus, One of the world's finest examples of an ancient classical city; Temple of Artemis (Diana), the site of one of the seven wonders of the ancient world; House of Virgin Mary, probably where She spent recent years of Her life; Isa Bey Mosque, this impressive mosque from XIV. Century A.D. is unlike any other you will see in this country. 17.00 our tour finishes and flight to Istanbul and transfer to your hotel. (B,L) Stay at the Mina Hotel again..http://www.istanbullife.org/hotels/charming/mina-hotel.htm ,Day 16 ,You will be tired so this is free day for you.. Pick up from the hotel at 20:00 pm to go to the GALATA TOWER Night Show,http://www.istanbullife.org/galata-tower-night-show.htm After the show we will take the hotel again around 23:50 pm,Day 17 ,Princess Island Tour;,http://www.istanbullife.org/princess-island-tour.html Pick up from the hotel at 08 : 15 am for princess island ,Departure at 08.30 am and Returns at 17.00 pm,Day 18 ,Full Day Bursa ( Green Bursa Tour ) http://www.istanbullife.org/full-day-bursa-tour.html,Daily departure from your hotel at 06.50 am and returns at 20.30 pm,Day 19 ,Half Day Calligraphy Tour in the morning at 10 : 00 am http://www.istanbullife.org/calligraphy-lessons-in-istanbul.html ,Lunch,Half Day Turkish Marbling Lesson in the afternoon at 14:00 pm,http://www.istanbullife.org/turkish_marbling_lesson_in_istanbul.html ,Day 20 ,Half Day Istanbul Photo Safari Tour ( From 08:45 am Until 14:00 pm ) http://www.istanbullife.org/photo-tour-in-istanbul.html ,Day 21 Transfer from the flat to ATATURK Airport ,Have a nice flight :) ,Per person fee is in a double room = 2550 Euros This Tour is Included ; ,train tickets,Bus tickets,flight tickets,All Hotels Reservation in Turkey,English speaking guide, ,All Eentries fees All Transportation service in Turkey with A/C,Calligraphy Lesson in Istanbul,Turkish Marbling Lesson in Istanbul,Cooking Class in Istanbul ,Princess Island Tour in Istanbul Classic Sultanahmet Tour in Istanbul,Bosphorus Tour in Istanbul,Real Dervish Ceremony in Istanbul,One day Group Ankara tour,2 Days Group Cappadocia tours One Day Group Konya tour,2 Days Group Antalya tours,One Day Group Ephesus tour,Istanbul Photo Safari Tour,Galata Tower Night Show ( Dinner show showman and round trip transfer service ),This Tour is Excluded; ,tips,Drinks,International Flight Tickets.,24/7 Online Reservation = hakan_hacibekiroglu@yahoo.com TURKISH MARBLING LESSON IN ISTANBUL,ebru,ebru, marble,ebru, marble, Ebru, Marble, Marble lessons, Learning Marble, Marble in istanbul, ebru workshops, marble workshop, ebru lessons, ebru lesson, marble lesson in turkey,marble turkey, marble turkiye, ottoman marble, private marble lessons, ebru teaching, marble teaching, alp aksahin, alp ebru, alp marble, marbling, marbleization in istanbul,,paper marbling, fabric marbling, faux marbling, parrys graining and marbling, marbling paint, contemporary create design fabric marbling paper technique traditional, ,marbling technique, art of marbling, art of marbling in istanbul, art of marbling in turkey, MarbleS IN ISTANBUL, The art of marbling,Turkish women artist,art of istanbul,History of the academy of fine arts,Turkish painting,Department of archeology and history of art,Muhendishane-i Berri-i Humayun,Some Turkish artists like Osman Hamdi Bey,turkish art,Seker/Sugar Ahmet Pasha,Institutions And Persons With Collections Of Important Turkish Paintings,General Resources,Resources For Special Topics,Music,Ceramics,Mosaics,Books,Postcards,Woods,Textile,Miniatures,Carpets & Kilims,Calligraphy,Hikmet BARUTCUGIL,Mimar Sinan University,Central Asia languageswhich means “moire, veined fabric, paper etc.Silk Road,TURKISH PAPER,SUFISM AND ART,Islamic art lies in Sufism,TURKISH AND ISLAMIC ART,Art Workshops,MATERIALS USED IN CLASSICAL TURKISH MARBLING,Gum tragacath,Dye,Paintbrush,Basin,Watenr,Paper,Gall,Anatolian,Persian and Turkestan,MARBLING APPLIED TO PAPER PATTERNS,Mehmet Efendi(the orator of Sainta Sophia,deceased in 1973),Necmetting Okyay. Ebru, Marble, Marble lessons, Learning Marble, Marble in istanbul, ebru workshops, marble workshop, ebru lessons, ebru lesson, marble lesson in turkey marble, Ebru, Marble, Marble lessons, Learning Marble, Marble in istanbul, ebru workshops, marble workshop, ebru lessons, ebru lesson, marble lesson in turkey,marble turkey, marble turkiye, ottoman marble, private marble lessons, ebru teaching, marble teaching, alp aksahin, alp ebru, alp marble, marbling, marbleization in istanbul,paper marbling, fabric marbling, faux marbling, parrys graining and marbling, marbling paint, contemporary create design fabric marbling paper technique traditional, marbling technique, art of marbling, art of marbling in istanbul, art of marbling in turkey, MarbleS IN ISTANBUL, The art of marbling,Turkish women artist,art of istanbul,History of the academy of fine arts,Turkish painting,Department of archeology and history of art,Muhendishane-i Berri-i Humayun,Some Turkish artists like Osman Hamdi Bey,turkish art,Seker/Sugar Ahmet Pasha,Institutions And Persons With Collections Of Important Turkish Paintings,General Resources,Resources For Special Topics,Music,Ceramics,Mosaics,Books,Postcards,Woods,Textile,Miniatures,Carpets & Kilims,Calligraphy,Hikmet BARUTCUGIL,Mimar Sinan University,Central Asia languageswhich means “moire, veined fabric, paper etc.Silk Road,TURKISH PAPER,SUFISM AND ART,Islamic art lies in Sufism,TURKISH AND ISLAMIC ART,Art Workshops,MATERIALS USED IN CLASSICAL TURKISH MARBLING,Gum tragacath,Dye,Paintbrush,Basin,Watenr,Paper,Gall,Anatolian,Persian and ,Turkestan,MARBLING APPLIED TO PAPER PATTERNS,Mehmet Efendi(the orator of Sainta Sophia,deceased in 1973)Necmetting Okyay.Turkish Art Workshops with Betul,Mrs. Betul is our professional Artist that is graduated from Mimar Sinan University department of fine Arts in Istanbul. She is professional in Ottoman Calligraphy - Tile Design & Turkish Motives - Ottoman Paper Marbling. Turkish Paper marbling is a method of aqueous surface design, which can produce patterns similar to marble or other stone, hence the name. The patterns are the result of color floated on either plain water or a viscous solution known as size, and then carefully transferred to a sheet of paper (or other surfaces such as fabric). This decorative material has been used to cover a variety of surfaces for several centuries. It is often employed as a writing surface fo calligraphy, and especially book covers and endpapers in bookbinding and stationery. Part of its appeal is that each print is a unique monoprint.Need a break from the hustle and bustle of tourist life in Istanbul? Come take an art class with us ! Ottoman - Turkish Calligraphy, also known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of writing, and by extension, of bookmaking. This art has most often employed the Arabic script, throughout many languages.ebru, marble, Ebru, Marble, Marble lessons, Learning Marble, Marble in istanbul, ebru workshops, marble workshop, ebru lessons, ebru lesson, marble lesson in turkey marble turkey, marble turkiye, ottoman marble, private marble lessons, ebru teaching, marble teaching, alp aksahin, alp ebru, alp marble, marbling, marbleization in istanbul,TURKISH MARBLING, EBRU Marbled paper, called ebru in Turkish, was used extensively in the binding of books and within the calligraphic panels in Turkey. The existing word ebre in Eastern Turkish, meaning variegated, points to the fact that marbling might have been known by the populations of Central Asia. Its origin might ultimately hark back to China, where a document from the T'ang dynasty (618-907) mentions a process of coloring paper on water with five hues. In the early examples from the 16th c. in the Ottoman-Turkish era, ebru appears in the battal (stone) form, namely without any manipulation. Interestingly, several variations developed in time, giving us types such as gelgit, tarakli, hatip, bülbül yuvasi, çiçekli (respectively come-and-go, combed, preacher, nightingale's nest, flowered, etc.) An attempt has been made here to show some of its principal patterns, with samples by the master marblers of this century chosen from our collection.Ebru technique consists of sprinkling colours containing a few drops of ox-gall on to the surface of the bath sized with kitre (gum tragacanth) in a trough.Please check all Istanbul and Turkey Tours : http://www.istanbullife.org/tours/tours.htmFULL DAY JEWISH HERITAGE PRIVATE TOUR IN ISTANBUL,jewish heritage tour in istanbul,jewish tour,balat fener,galata,taksim, Except Saturday and Sunday !!!! - A ) Advance Reservation Required.B ) Photocopy of your passport picture page is needed in advance for visit permits. C ) Passports requried for security during the tour..D ) The times are given by the Rabbinate & Times can change According to Them. Synagogue Visits In Istanbul.Jewish community have lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor for more than 2,400 years. In the later Middle Ages, Ashkenazi Jews migrating to the Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire supplemented the original Jewish population of Asia Minor. At the end of the 15th century, a large number of Sephardic Jews fleeing persecution in Spain and Portugal settled in Asia Minor on the invitation of the Ottoman Empire. Despite emigration during the 20th century, modern day Turkey continues a Jewish population.The present size of the Jewish Community is estimated at around 26,000 according to the Jewish Virtual Library. The vast majority live inIstanbul, with a community of about 2,500 in İzmir and other smaller groups located in the rest of Turkey. Sephardic Jews make up approximately 96% of Turkey's Jewish population, while the rest are primarily Ashkenazic.Turkish Jews are still legally represented by the Hahambasi, the Chief Rabbi. Rav Izak Haleva, is assisted by a religious Council made up of a Rosh Bet Din and three Hahamim. Thirty-five Lay Counselors look after the secular affairs of the Community and an Executive Committee of fourteen, the president of which must be elected from among the Lay Counselors, runs the daily affairs.THE SYNAGOGUE VISIT ;Those are the Synagogues that we will visit during this tour. 08 : 30 Am Pick up from the hotel or from the cruise..09 : 00 Am Ashkenazi Synagogue for Morning Service,09 : 20 Am Galata Quarter Visit and Kamondo Steps 09 : 50 Am Balat jewish Quarter Walking Tour,10 : 00 Am Ahrida Synagogue,10 : 20 Am Tea / Coffe Break i,n a local Patisserie,11 : 00 Am Ortakoy Etz Ahayim Synagogue 11 : 30 Am Ortakoy Area & Bosphorus View Walking,12 : 15 Pm Jewish Museum ( Zulfaris Synagogue ),13 : 00 Pm Neve Shalom Synagogue,13 : 45 Pm Local Markets or Spice Bazaar Visit 14 : 30 Pm Rustempasa Mosque Visit,15 : 00 Pm End of the Tour and Return Back,The times are given by the Rabbinate & Times can change According to Them. NOTE : In Turkey because of the security reasons; we need to inform the visitors arrival to the Synagogues,and get a special permission from the rabbinate. In order to do this we need the passport copies of each guests, hotel adresses & ask our guests to fill our a special form that is given by the Rabbinate. E-mail. ,The Ashkenazi Synagogue ,hakan hacibekiroglu,Located near the Galata Tower, it is the only active Ashkenazi Synagogue open to visits and prayers. Founded by Ashkenazim of Austrian origin in 1900, it is the last remaining synagogue among a total of three built by Ashkenazim. Visits con be made during weekday mornings and for Shabbat services on Saturday mornings.The Neve Shalom Synagogue ,Built and opened in 1951 and the scene of a tragic terrorist attack in 1986, it is the largest synagogue in Istanbul where most of the religious ceremonies are held. The Neve Shalom is open to the public for morning visits during the weekdays and for Shabbat prayers every Saturday morning. The Ahrida Synagogue ,Located in Balat near the Golden Horn, built by Jews of Ohri (Macedonia) more than 550 years ago and recently renovated during the Quincentennial Celebrations in 1992, the Ahrida Synagogue is known foremost by its boat-shaped bimah. It can only be visited during weekday mornings.Etz Ahayim Synagogue ,Located in Ortakoy, near the European leg of the Bosphorus Bridge. When the previous synagogue burned down in 1941 with only the marble Aron-ha-Kodesh remaining, the new synagogue was rebuilt on the location of the then midrash. Visits can be made with previous appointments and both weekday and Shabbat services can be attended likewise.If you want more information; you can send us an E-mail.Full Day Synagogue Visits in Istanbul,Starting at 08:30 am Ends 15:00 pm,2 & 4 Guest,150 Euros Per Person,5 & more Guest,110 Euros Per Person ,1 Guest,180 Euros Per Person,This is a private full day tour available all year long,Included Ent,ance Fees and Donations for all the Synagogues and Sites Tour includes transportation & guidance.,Early reservation is required.,Special Authorisation is required from the Rabbinate.,Upon request kosher food can be supplied. ,For more info please send us an E-mail. - Except Saturday and Sunday !!!! -A ) Advance Reservation Required.B ) Photocopy of your passport picture page is needed in advance for visit permits.C ) Passports requried for security during the tour..D ) The times are given by the Rabbinate & Times can change According to Them. Synagogue Visits In Istanbul.Jewish community have lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor for more than 2,400 years. In the later Middle Ages, Ashkenazi Jews migrating to the Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire supplemented the original Jewish population of Asia Minor. At the end of the 15th century, a large number of Sephardic Jews fleeing persecution in Spain and Portugal settled in Asia Minor on the invitation of the Ottoman Empire. Despite emigration during the 20th century, modern day Turkey continues a Jewish population.The present size of the Jewish Community is estimated at around 26,000 according to the Jewish Virtual Library. The vast majority live inIstanbul, with a community of about 2,500 in İzmir and other smaller groups located in the rest of Turkey. Sephardic Jews make up approximately 96% of Turkey's Jewish population, while the rest are primarily Ashkenazic.Turkish Jews are still legally represented by the Hahambasi, the Chief Rabbi. Rav Izak Haleva, is assisted by a religious Council made up of a Rosh Bet Din and three Hahamim. Thirty-five Lay Counselors look after the secular affairs of the Community and an Executive Committee of fourteen, the president of which must be elected from among the Lay Counselors, runs the daily affairs.Except Saturday and Sunday !!!! - A ) Advance Reservation Required. B ) Photocopy of your passport picture page is needed in advance for visit permits.,C ) Passports requried for security during the tour.. D ) The times are given by the Rabbinate & Times can change According to Them.,Synagogue Visits In Istanbul. Jewish community have lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor for more than 2,400 years. In the later Middle Ages, Ashkenazi Jews migrating to the Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire supplemented the original Jewish population of Asia Minor. At the end of the 15th century, a large number of Sephardic Jews fleeing persecution in Spain and Portugal settled in Asia Minor on the invitation of the Ottoman Empire. Despite emigration during the 20th century, modern day Turkey continues a Jewish population.The present size of the Jewish Community is estimated at around 26,000 according to the Jewish Virtual Library. The vast majority live inIstanbul, with a community of about 2,500 in İzmir and other smaller groups located in the rest of Turkey. Sephardic Jews make up approximately 96% of Turkey's Jewish population, while the rest are primarily Ashkenazic.Turkish Jews are still legally represented by the Hahambasi, the Chief Rabbi. Rav Izak Haleva, is assisted by a religious Council made up of a Rosh Bet Din and three Hahamim. Thirty-five Lay Counselors look after the secular affairs of the Community and an Executive Committee of fourteen, the president of which must be elected from among the Lay Counselors, runs the daily affairs. THE SYNAGOGUE VISIT ;,Those are the Synagogues that we will visit during this tour.,08 : 30 Am Pick up from the hotel or from the cruise.. 09 : 00 Am Ashkenazi Synagogue for Morning Service,09 : 20 Am Galata Quarter Visit and Kamondo Steps,09 : 50 Am Balat jewish Quarter Walking Tour 10 : 00 Am Ahrida Synagogue,10 : 20 Am Tea / Coffe Break in a local Patisserie,11 : 00 Am Ortakoy Etz Ahayim Synagogue,11 : 30 Am Ortakoy Area & Bosphorus View Walking 12 : 15 Pm Jewish Museum ( Zulfaris Synagogue ),13 : 00 Pm Neve Shalom Synagogue,13 : 45 Pm Local Markets or Spice Bazaar Visit,14 : 30 Pm Rustempasa Mosque Visit 15 : 00 Pm End of the Tour and Return Back,The times are given by the Rabbinate & Times can change According to Them.,NOTE : In Turkey because of the security reasons; we need to inform the visitors arrival to the Synagogues,and get a special permission from the rabbinate. In order to do this we need the passport copies of each guests, hotel adresses & ask our guests to fill our a special form that is given by the Rabbinate. E-mail. The Ashkenazi Synagogue ,Located near the Galata Tower, it is the only active Ashkenazi Synagogue open to visits and prayers. Founded by Ashkenazim of Austrian origin in 1900, it is the last remaining synagogue among a total of three built by Ashkenazim. Visits con be made during weekday mornings and for Shabbat services on Saturday mornings.The Neve Shalom Synagogue ,Built and opened in 1951 and the scene of a tragic terrorist attack in 1986, it is the largest synagogue in Istanbul where most of the religious ceremonies are held. The Neve Shalom is open to the public for morning visits during the weekdays and for Shabbat prayers every Saturday morning.The Ahrida Synagogue ,Located in Balat near the Golden Horn, built by Jews of Ohri (Macedonia) more than 550 years ago and recently renovated during the Quincentennial Celebrations in 1992, the Ahrida Synagogue is known foremost by its boat-shaped bimah. It can only be visited during weekday mornings. ,Etz Ahayim Synagogue ,Located in Ortakoy, near the European leg of the Bosphorus Bridge. When the previous synagogue burned down in 1941 with only the marble Aron-ha-Kodesh remaining, the new synagogue was rebuilt on the location of the then midrash,. Visits can be made with previous appointments and both weekday and Shabbat services can be attended likewise.,If you want more information; you can send us an E-mail.,Full Day Synagogue Visits in Istanbul,tarting at 08:30 am Ends 15:00 pm,180 Euros Per Person,THE SYNAGOGUE VISIT ;Those are the Synagogues that we will visit during this tour.09.00 am Ashkenazi Synagogue,09.20 am Neve Shalom Synagogue ,10.30am Ahrida Synagogue,,13.00am Ortakoy Etz Ahayim Synagogue,The times ar given by the Rabbinate & Times can change According to Them.,NOTE : In Turkey because of the security reasons; we need to inform the visitors arrival to the Synagogues,and get a special permission from the rabbinate. In order to do this we need the passport copies of each guests, hotel adresses & ask our guests to fill our a special form that is given by the Rabbinate. E-mail. ,The Ashkenazi Synagogue ,Located near the Galata Tower, it is the only active Ashkenazi Synagogue open to visits and prayers. Founded by Ashkenazim of Austrian origin in 1900, it is the last remaining synagogue among a total of three built by Ashkenazim. Visits con be made during weekday mornings and for Shabbat services on Saturday mornings.,The Neve Shalom Synagogue ,uilt and opened in 1951 and the scene of a tragic terrorist attack in 1986, it is the largest synagogue in Istanbul where most of the religiou,s ceremonies are held. The Neve Shalom is open to the public for morning visits during the weekdays and for Shabbat prayers every Saturday morning.,,The Ahrida Synagogue ,Located in Balat near the Golden Horn, built by Jews of Ohri (Macedonia) more than 550 years ago and recently renovated during the Quincentennial Celebrations in 1992, the Ahrida Synagogue is known foremost by its boat-shaped bimah. It can only be visited during weekday mornings.,Etz Ahayim Synagogue ,Located in Ortakoy, near the European leg of the Bosphorus Bridge. When the previous synagogue burned down in 1941 with only the marble Aron-ha-Kodesh remaining, the new synagogue was rebuilt on the location of the then midrash. Visits can be made with previous appointments and both weekday and Shabbat services can be attended likewise.,After visit all synagogues in Istanbul you will visit also Jewish Museum , Spice Bazaar or Grand Bazaar , Rustempasa Mosque and New Mosque in Eminonu ...,If you want more information; you can send us an E-mail.The History of Turkish Jewish by Naim Avigdor GÜLERYÜZ ,The History of Turkish Jewish,by Naim Avigdor GÜLERYÜZ,Foreword,On the midnight of August 2nd 1492, when Columbus embarked on what would become his most famous expedition to the New World, his fleet departed from the relatively unknown seaport of Palos because the shipping lanes of Cadiz and Seville were clogged with Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain by the Edict of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain.The Jews forced either to convert to Christianity or to "leave" the country under menace "they dare not return... not so much as to take a step on them not trespass upon them in any manner whatsoever" left their land, their property, their belongings all that was theirs and familiar to them rather than abandon their beliefs, their traditions, their heritage.,In the faraway Ottoman Empire, one ruler extended an immediate welcome to the persecuted Jews of Spain, the Sephardim. He was the Sultan Bayazid II.,,In 1992, the Discovery year for all those connected to the America continents - North, Central and South - world Jewry was concerned with commemorating not only the expulsion, but also seven centuries of the Jewish life in Spain, flourishing under Muslim rule, and the 500th anniversary of the official welcome extended by the Ottoman Empire in 1492.,This humanitarianism demonstrated at that time, was consistent with the beneficence and goodwill traditionally displayed by the Turkish government and people towards those of different creeds, cultures and backgrounds. Indeed, Turkey could serve as a model to be emulated by any nation which finds refugees from any of the four corners of the world standing at its doors.In 1992, Turkish Jewry celebrated not only the anniversary of this gracious welcome, but also the remarkable spirit of tolerance and acceptance which has characterized the whole Jewish experience in Turkey. The events being planned - symposiums, conferences, concerts, exhibitions, films and books, restoration of ancient Synagogues etc - commemorated the longevity and prosperity of the Jewish community. As a whole, the celebration aimed to demonstrate the richness and security of life Jews have found in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic over seven centuries, and showed that indeed it is not impossible for people of different creeds to live together peacefully under one flag.,A History Predating 1492 The history of the Jews in Anatolia started many centuries before the migration of Sephardic Jews. Remnants of Jewish settlements from the 4th century B.C. have been uncovered in the Aegean region. The historian Josephus Flavius relates that Aristotle "met Jewish people with whom he had an exchange of views during his trip across Asia Minor.",Ancient synagogue ruins have been found in Sardis, Miletus, Priene, Phocee, etc. dating from 220 B.C. and traces of other Jewish settlements have been discovered near Bursa, in the southeast and along the Aegean, Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. A bronze column found in Ankara confirms the rights the Emperor Augustus accorded the Jews of Asia Minor. Jewish communities in Anatolia flourished and continued to prosper through the Turkish conquest. When the Ottomans captured Bursa in 1326 and made it their capital, they found a Jewish community oppressed under Byzantine rule. The Jews welcomed the Ottomans as saviours. Sultan Orhan gave them permission to build the Etz ha-Hayyim (Tree of Life) synagogue which remained in service until nineteen forties.Early in the 14th century, when the Ottomans had established their capital at Edirne, Jews from Europe, including Karaites, migrated there. (1) Similarly, Jews expelled from Hungary in 1376, from France by Charles VI in September 1394, and from Sicily early in the 15th century found refuge in the Ottoman Empire. In the 1420s, Jews from Salonika, then under Venetian control, fled to Edirne. (2) Ottoman rule was much kinder than Byzantine rule had been. In fact, from the early 15th century on, the Ottomans actively encouraged Jewish immigration. A letter sent by Rabbi Yitzhak Sarfati (from Edirne) to Jewish communities in Europe in the first part of the century"invited his co-religionists to leave the torments they were enduring in Christiandom and to seek safety and prosperity in Turkey". (3)When Mehmet II "the Conqueror" took Constantinople in 1453, he encountered an oppressed Romaniot (Byzantine) Jewish community which welcomed him with enthusiasm. Sultan Mehmet II issued a proclamation to all Jews "... to ascend the site of the Imperial Throne, to dwell in the best of the land, each beneath his Dine and his fig tree, with silver and with gold, with wealth and with cattle...". (4) In 1470, Jews expelled from Bavaria by Ludvig X found refuge in the Ottoman Empire. (5),A Haven for Sephardic Jews Sultan Bayazid II's offer of refuge gave new hope to the persecuted Sephardim. In 1492, the Sultan ordered the governors of the provinces of the Ottoman Empire "not to refuse the Jews entry or cause them difficulties, but to receive them cordially"; (6) According to Bernard Lewis, "the Jews were not just permitted to settle in the Ottoman lands, but were encouraged, assisted and sometimes even compelled".Immanual Aboab attributes to Bayazid II the famous remark that "the Catholic monarch Ferdinand was wrongly considered as wise, since he impoverished Spain by the expulsion of the Jews, and enriched Turkey". (7)The arrival of the Sephardim altered the structure of the community and the original group of Romaniote Jews was totally absorbed.,Over the centuries an increasing number of European Jews, escaping persecution in their native countries, settled in the Ottoman Empire. In 1537 the Jews expelled from Apulia (Italy) after the city fell under Papal control, in 1542 those expelled from Bohemia by King Ferdinand found a safe haven in the Ottoman Empire. (8) In March of 1556, Sultan Suleyman "the Magnificent" wrote a letter to Pope Paul IV asking for the immediate release of the Ancona Marranos, which he declared to be Ottoman citizens. The Pope had no other alternative than to release them, the Ottoman Empire being the "Super Power" of those days. By 1477, Jewish households in Istanbul numbered 1647 or 11% of the total. Half a century later, 8070 Jewish houses were listed in the city. The Life of Ottoman Jews For 300 years following the expulsion, the prosperity and creativity of the Ottoman Jews rivalled that of the Golden Age of Spain. Four Turkish cities: Istanbul, Izmir, Safed and Salonica became the centres of Sephardic Jewry.,Most of the court physicians were Jews: Hakim Yakoub, Joseph and Moshe Hamon, Daniel Fonseca, Gabriel Buenaventura to name only very few.,,One of the most significant innovations that Jews brought to the Ottoman Empire was the printing press. In 1493, only one year after their expulsion from Spain, David & Samuel ibn Nahmias established the first Hebrew printing press in Istanbul. Ottoman diplomacy was often carried out by Jews. Joseph Nasi, appointed the Duke of Naxos, was the former Portuguese Marrano Joao Miques. Another Portuguese Marrano, Alvaro Mendes, was named Duke of Mytylene in return of his diplomatic services to the Sultan.Salamon ben Nathan Eskenazi arranged the first diplomatic ties with the British Empire. Jewish women such as Dona Gracia Mendes Nasi "La Seniora" and Esther Kyra exercised considerable influence in the Court. In the free air of the Ottoman Empire, Jewish literature flourished. Joseph Caro compiled the Shulhan Arouh. Shlomo haLevi Alkabescomposed the Lekhah Dodi a hymn which welcomes the Sabbath according to both Sephardic and Ashkenazi ritual. Jacob Culi began to write the famous MeAm Loez. Rabbi Abraham ben Isaac Assa became known as the father of Judeo-Spanish literature.,On October 27,1840 Sultan Abdulmecid issued his famous ferman concerning the "Blood Libel Accusation" saying: "... and for the love we bear to our subjects, we cannot permit the Jewish nation, whose innocence for the crime alleged against them is evident, to be worried and tormented as a consequence of accusations which have not the least foundation in truth...".,Under Ottoman tradition, each non-Muslim religious community was responsible for its own institutions, including schools. In the early 19th century, Abraham de Camondo established a modern school, "La Escola", causing a serious conflict between conservative and secular rabbis which was only settled by the intervention of Sultan Abdulaziz in 1864. The same year the Takkanot haKehilla (By-laws of the Jewish Community) was published, defining the structure of the Jewish community.An important event in the life of Ottoman Jews in the 17th century was the schism led by Sabetay Sevi, the pseudo Messiah who lived in Izmir and later adopted Islam with his followers.,Equality and a New Republic Efforts at reform of the Ottoman Empire led to the proclamation of the Hatt-ı Humayun in 1856, which made all Ottoman citizens, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, equal under the law. As a result, leadership of the community began to shift away from the religious figure to secular forces.,,World War I brought to an end the glory of the Ottoman Empire. In its place rose the young Turkish Republic. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was elected president, the Caliphate was abolished and a secular constitution was adopted.,Recognized in 1923 by the Treaty of Lausanne as a fully independent state within its present day borders, Turkey accorded minority rights to the three principal non-Muslim religious minorities and permitted them to carry on with their own schools, social institutions and funds. In 1926, on the eve of Turkey's adoption of the Swiss Civil Code, the Jewish Community renounced its minority status on personal rights.During the tragic days of World War II, Turkey managed to maintain its neutrality. As early as 1933 Ataturk invited numbers of prominent German Jewish professors to flee Nazi Germany and settle in Turkey. Before and during the war years, these scholars contributed a great deal to the development of the Turkish university system. During World War II Turkey served as a safe passage for many Jews fleeing the horrors of the Nazism. While the Jewish communities of Greece were wiped out almost completely by Hitler, the Turkish Jews remained secure. Several Turkish diplomats, Ambassadors Behic Erkin and Numan Menemencioglu; Consul-Generals Fikret Sefik Ozdoganci, Bedii Arbel, Selahattin Ulkumen; Consuls Namik Kemal Yolga and Necdet Kent, just to name only few, made every effort to save the Turkish Jews in the Nazi occupied countries, from the Holocaust. They succeeded. Mr. Salahattin Ulkumen, Consul General at Rhodes in 1943-1944, was recognized by the Yad Vashem as a Righteous Gentile "Hassid Umot ha'Olam" in June 1990. Turkey continues to be a shelter, a haven for all those who have to flee the dogmatism, intolerance and persecution.,Turkish Jews Today The present size of Jewish Community is estimated at around 25.000. The vast majority live in Istanbul, with a community of about 2.500 in Izmir and other smaller groups located in Adana, Ankara, Antakya, Bursa, Canakkale, Kirklareli etc. Sephardim make up 96% of the Community, with Ashkenazim accounting for the rest. There are about 100 Karaites, an independent group who does not accept the authority of the Chief Rabbi. Turkish Jews are legally represented, as they have been for many centuries, by the Hahambasi, the Chief Rabbi. He is assisted by a religious Council made up of five Hahamim. Fifty Lay Counsellors look after the secular affairs of the Community and an Executive Committee of fourteen runs the daily matters. Representatives of Jewish foundations and institutions meet four times a year as a so-called ??think tank?? to exchange opinions on different subjects concerning the Turkish Jewry. ,Synagogues are classified as religious foundations (Vakifs). There are 18 synagogues in use in Istanbul today. Three are in service in holiday resorts, during summer only. Some of them are very old, especially Ahrida Synagogue in the Balat area, which dates from middle15th century. The 15th and 16th century Haskoy and Kuzguncuk cemeteries in Istanbul are still in use today.,??The Museum of Turkish Jews?? (Türk Musevileri Müzesi), the first such Museum in Turkey, has been inaugurated on November 25,2001. (Details at the end of this article),Education, Language and Social Life Most Jewish children attend state schools or private Turkish or foreign language schools, and many are enrolled in the universities. Additionally, the Community maintains in Istanbul a school complex including elementary and secondary schools for around 700 students. Turkish is the language of instruction, and Hebrew is taught 3 to 5 hours a week.,While younger Jews speak Turkish as their native language, the over-70-years-old generation is more at home speaking in French or Judeo-Spanish (Ladino). A conscious effort is spent to preserve the heritage of Judeo-Spanish.,For many years Turkish Jews have had their own press. La Buena ,Esperansa and La Puerta del Oriente started in Izmir in 1843 and Or Israelwas first published in Istanbul ten years later. Now one newspaper survives: SALOM (Shalom), a fourteen to sixteen pages weekly in Turkish with one page in Judeo-Spanish. A Community Calendar (Halila) is published by the Chief Rabbinate every year and distributed free of charge to all those who have paid their dues (Kisba) to the welfare bodies. The Community cannot levy taxes, but can request donations.,Two Jewish hospitals, the 98 bed Or-Ahayim in Istanbul and the 22 bed KaratasHospital in Izmir, serve the Community. Both cities have homes for the aged (Moshav Zekinim) and several welfare associations to assist the poor, the sick, the needy children and orphans. Social clubs containing libraries, cultural and sports facilities, discotheques give young people the chance to meet. ,The Jewish Community is of course a very small group in Turkey today, considering that the total population - 99% Muslim - exceeds 67 million. But in spite of their number the Jews have distinguished themselves. There are several Jewish professors teaching at the Universities of Istanbul and Ankara, and many Turkish Jews are prominent in business, industry, liberal professions and journalism.,(1) Mark Alan Epstein, "The Ottoman Jewish Communities and their role in the 15th and 16th centuries",(2) Joseph Nehama, "Histoire des Israelites de Salonique",(3) Bernard Lewis, "The Jews of Islam",(4) Encyclopedia Judaica, Volume 16 page 1532 (5) Avram Galante, "Histoire des Juifs d'lstanbul", Volume 2,(6) Abraham Danon, Review Yossef Daath No.4,(7) Immanual Aboab, "A Consolacam as Tribulacoes de Israel, III Israel",(8) H. Graetz, History of the Jews,The History of Turkish Jewish by Naim Avigdor GÜLERYÜZ ,The History of Turkish Jewish,by Naim Avigdor GÜLERYÜZ,Foreword,On the midnight of August 2nd 1492, when Columbus embarked on what would become his most famous expedition to the New World, his fleet departed from the relatively unknown seaport of Palos because the shipping lanes of Cadiz and Seville were clogged with Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain by the Edict of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain.The Jews forced either to convert to Christianity or to "leave" the country under menace "they dare not return... not so much as to take a step on them not trespass upon them in any manner whatsoever" left their land, their property, their belongings all that was theirs and familiar to them rather than abandon their beliefs, their traditions, their heritage.,In the faraway Ottoman Empire, one ruler extended an immediate welcome to the persecuted Jews of Spain, the Sephardim. He was the Sultan Bayazid II. ,In 1992, the Discovery year for all those connected to the America continents - North, Central and South - world Jewry was concerned with commemorating not only the expulsion, but also seven centuries of the Jewish life in Spain, flourishing under Muslim rule, and the 500th anniversary of the official welcome extended by the Ottoman Empire in 1492.,This humanitarianism demonstrated at that time, was consistent with the beneficence and goodwill traditionally displayed by the Turkish government and people towards those of different creeds, cultures and backgrounds. Indeed, Turkey could serve as a model to be emulated by any nation which finds refugees from any of the four corners of the world standing at its doors.In 1992, Turkish Jewry celebrated not only the anniversary of this gracious welcome, but also the remarkable spirit of tolerance and acceptance which has characterized the whole Jewish experience in Turkey. The events being planned - symposiums, conferences, concerts, exhibitions, films and books, restoration of ancient Synagogues etc - commemorated the longevity and prosperity of the Jewish community. As a whole, the celebration aimed to demonstrate the richness and security of life Jews have found in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic over seven centuries, and showed that indeed it is not impossible for people of different creeds to live together peacefully under one flag.,A History Predating 1492 The history of the Jews in Anatolia started many centuries before the migration of Sephardic Jews. Remnants of Jewish settlements from the 4th century B.C. have been uncovered in the Aegean region. The historian Josephus Flavius relates that Aristotle "met Jewish people with whom he had an exchange of views during his trip across Asia Minor.",Ancient synagogue ruins have been found in Sardis, Miletus, Priene, Phocee, etc. dating from 220 B.C. and traces of other Jewish settlements have been discovered near Bursa, in the southeast and along the Aegean, Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. A bronze column found in Ankara confirms the rights the Emperor Augustus accorded the Jews of Asia Minor. Jewish communities in Anatolia flourished and continued to prosper through the Turkish conquest. When the Ottomans captured Bursa in 1326 and made it their capital, they found a Jewish community oppressed under Byzantine rule. The Jews welcomed the Ottomans as saviours. Sultan Orhan gave them permission to build the Etz ha-Hayyim (Tree of Life) synagogue which remained in service until nineteen forties.Early in the 14th century, when the Ottomans had established their capital at Edirne, Jews from Europe, including Karaites, migrated there. (1) Similarly, Jews expelled from Hungary in 1376, from France by Charles VI in September 1394, and from Sicily early in the 15th century found refuge in the Ottoman Empire. In the 1420s, Jews from Salonika, then under Venetian control, fled to Edirne. (2) Ottoman rule was much kinder than Byzantine rule had been. In fact, from the early 15th century on, the Ottomans actively encouraged Jewish immigration. A letter sent by Rabbi Yitzhak Sarfati (from Edirne) to Jewish communities in Europe in the first part of the century"invited his co-religionists to leave the torments they were enduring in Christiandom and to seek safety and prosperity in Turkey". (3)When Mehmet II "the Conqueror" took Constantinople in 1453, he encountered an oppressed Romaniot (Byzantine) Jewish community which welcomed him with enthusiasm. Sultan Mehmet II issued a proclamation to all Jews "... to ascend the site of the Imperial Throne, to dwell in the best of the land, each beneath his Dine and his fig tree, with silver and with gold, with wealth and with cattle...". (4) In 1470, Jews expelled from Bavaria by Ludvig X found refuge in the Ottoman Empire. (5),A Haven for Sephardic Jews Sultan Bayazid II's offer of refuge gave new hope to the persecuted Sephardim. In 1492, the Sultan ordered the governors of the provinces of the Ottoman Empire "not to refuse the Jews entry or cause them difficulties, but to receive them cordially"; (6) According to Bernard Lewis, "the Jews were not just permitted to settle in the Ottoman lands, but were encouraged, assisted and sometimes even compelled".Immanual Aboab attributes to Bayazid II the famous remark that "the Catholic monarch Ferdinand was wrongly considered as wise, since he impoverished Spain by the expulsion of the Jews, and enriched Turkey". (7)The arrival of the Sephardim altered the structure of the community and the original group of Romaniote Jews was totally absorbed.,Over the centuries an increasing number of European Jews, escaping persecution in their native countries, settled in the Ottoman Empire. In 1537 the Jews expelled from Apulia (Italy) after the city fell under Papal control, in 1542 those expelled from Bohemia by King Ferdinand found a safe haven in the Ottoman Empire. (8) In March of 1556, Sultan Suleyman "the Magnificent" wrote a letter to Pope Paul IV asking for the immediate release of the Ancona Marranos, which he declared to be Ottoman citizens. The Pope had no other alternative than to release them, the Ottoman Empire being the "Super Power" of those days. By 1477, Jewish households in Istanbul numbered 1647 or 11% of the total. Half a century later, 8070 Jewish houses were listed in the city. The Life of Ottoman Jews For 300 years following the expulsion, the prosperity and creativity of the Ottoman Jews rivalled that of the Golden Age of Spain. Four Turkish cities: Istanbul, Izmir, Safed and Salonica became the centres of Sephardic Jewry.,Most of the court physicians were Jews: Hakim Yakoub, Joseph and Moshe Hamon, Daniel Fonseca, Gabriel Buenaventura to name only very few.,,One of the most significant innovations that Jews brought to the Ottoman Empire was the printing press. In 1493, only one year after their expulsion from Spain, David & Samuel ibn Nahmias established the first Hebrew printing press in Istanbul. Ottoman diplomacy was often carried out by Jews. Joseph Nasi, appointed the Duke of Naxos, was the former Portuguese Marrano Joao Miques. Another Portuguese Marrano, Alvaro Mendes, was named Duke of Mytylene in return of his diplomatic services to the Sultan.Salamon ben Nathan Eskenazi arranged the first diplomatic ties with the British Empire. Jewish women such as Dona Gracia Mendes Nasi "La Seniora" and Esther Kyra exercised considerable influence in the Court. In the free air of the Ottoman Empire, Jewish literature flourished. Joseph Caro compiled the Shulhan Arouh. Shlomo haLevi Alkabescomposed the Lekhah Dodi a hymn which welcomes the Sabbath according to both Sephardic and Ashkenazi ritual. Jacob Culi began to write the famous MeAm Loez. Rabbi Abraham ben Isaac Assa became known as the father of Judeo-Spanish literature.,On October 27,1840 Sultan Abdulmecid issued his famous ferman concerning the "Blood Libel Accusation" saying: "... and for the love we bear to our subjects, we cannot permit the Jewish nation, whose innocence for the crime alleged against them is evident, to be worried and tormented as a consequence of accusations which have not the least foundation in truth...".,Under Ottoman tradition, each non-Muslim religious community was responsible for its own institutions, including schools. In the early 19th century, Abraham de Camondo established a modern school, "La Escola", causing a serious conflict between conservative and secular rabbis which was only settled by the intervention of Sultan Abdulaziz in 1864. The same year the Takkanot haKehilla (By-laws of the Jewish Community) was published, defining the structure of the Jewish community.An important event in the life of Ottoman Jews in the 17th century was the schism led by Sabetay Sevi, the pseudo Messiah who lived in Izmir and later adopted Islam with his followers.,Equality and a New Republic Efforts at reform of the Ottoman Empire led to the proclamation of the Hatt-ı Humayun in 1856, which made all Ottoman citizens, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, equal under the law. As a result, leadership of the community began to shift away from the religious figure to secular forces.,,World War I brought to an end the glory of the Ottoman Empire. In its place rose the young Turkish Republic. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was elected president, the Caliphate was abolished and a secular constitution was adopted.,Recognized in 1923 by the Treaty of Lausanne as a fully independent state within its present day borders, Turkey accorded minority rights to the three principal non-Muslim religious minorities and permitted them to carry on with their own schools, social institutions and funds. In 1926, on the eve of Turkey's adoption of the Swiss Civil Code, the Jewish Community renounced its minority status on personal rights.During the tragic days of World War II, Turkey managed to maintain its neutrality. As early as 1933 Ataturk invited numbers of prominent German Jewish professors to flee Nazi Germany and settle in Turkey. Before and during the war years, these scholars contributed a great deal to the development of the Turkish university system. During World War II Turkey served as a safe passage for many Jews fleeing the horrors of the Nazism. While the Jewish communities of Greece were wiped out almost completely by Hitler, the Turkish Jews remained secure. Several Turkish diplomats, Ambassadors Behic Erkin and Numan Menemencioglu; Consul-Generals Fikret Sefik Ozdoganci, Bedii Arbel, Selahattin Ulkumen; Consuls Namik Kemal Yolga and Necdet Kent, just to name only few, made every effort to save the Turkish Jews in the Nazi occupied countries, from the Holocaust. They succeeded. Mr. Salahattin Ulkumen, Consul General at Rhodes in 1943-1944, was recognized by the Yad Vashem as a Righteous Gentile "Hassid Umot ha'Olam" in June 1990. Turkey continues to be a shelter, a haven for all those who have to flee the dogmatism, intolerance and persecution.,Turkish Jews Today The present size of Jewish Community is estimated at around 25.000. The vast majority live in Istanbul, with a community of about 2.500 in Izmir and other smaller groups located in Adana, Ankara, Antakya, Bursa, Canakkale, Kirklareli etc. Sephardim make up 96% of the Community, with Ashkenazim accounting for the rest. There are about 100 Karaites, an independent group who does not accept the authority of the Chief Rabbi. Turkish Jews are legally represented, as they have been for many centuries, by the Hahambasi, the Chief Rabbi. He is assisted by a religious Council made up of five Hahamim. Fifty Lay Counsellors look after the secular affairs of the Community and an Executive Committee of fourteen runs the daily matters. Representatives of Jewish foundations and institutions meet four times a year as a so-called ??think tank?? to exchange opinions on different subjects concerning the Turkish Jewry. ,Synagogues are classified as religious foundations (Vakifs). There are 18 synagogues in use in Istanbul today. Three are in service in holiday resorts, during summer only. Some of them are very old, especially Ahrida Synagogue in the Balat area, which dates from middle15th century. The 15th and 16th century Haskoy and Kuzguncuk cemeteries in Istanbul are still in use today.,??The Museum of Turkish Jews?? (Türk Musevileri Müzesi), the first such Museum in Turkey, has been inaugurated on November 25,2001. (Details at the end of this article),Education, Language and Social Life Most Jewish children attend state schools or private Turkish or foreign language schools, and many are enrolled in the universities. Additionally, the Community maintains in Istanbul a school complex including elementary and secondary schools for around 700 students. Turkish is the language of instruction, and Hebrew is taught 3 to 5 hours a week.,While younger Jews speak Turkish as their native language, the over-70-years-old generation is more at home speaking in French or Judeo-Spanish (Ladino). A conscious effort is spent to preserve the heritage of Judeo-Spanish.,For many years Turkish Jews have had their own press. La Buena ,Esperansa and La Puerta del Oriente started in Izmir in 1843 and Or Israelwas first published in Istanbul ten years later. Now one newspaper survives: SALOM (Shalom), a fourteen to sixteen pages weekly in Turkish with one page in Judeo-Spanish. A Community Calendar (Halila) is published by the Chief Rabbinate every year and distributed free of charge to all those who have paid their dues (Kisba) to the welfare bodies. The Community cannot levy taxes, but can request donations.,Two Jewish hospitals, the 98 bed Or-Ahayim in Istanbul and the 22 bed KaratasHospital in Izmir, serve the Community. Both cities have homes for the aged (Moshav Zekinim) and several welfare associations to assist the poor, the sick, the needy children and orphans. Social clubs containing libraries, cultural and sports facilities, discotheques give young people the chance to meet. ,The Jewish Community is of course a very small group in Turkey today, considering that the total population - 99% Muslim - exceeds 67 million. But in spite of their number the Jews have distinguished themselves. There are several Jewish professors teaching at the Universities of Istanbul and Ankara, and many Turkish Jews are prominent in business, industry, liberal professions and journalism.,(1) Mark Alan Epstein, "The Ottoman Jewish Communities and their role in the 15th and 16th centuries",(2) Joseph Nehama, "Histoire des Israelites de Salonique",(3) Bernard Lewis, "The Jews of Islam",(4) Encyclopedia Judaica, Volume 16 page 1532 (5) Avram Galante, "Histoire des Juifs d'lstanbul", Volume 2,(6) Abraham Danon, Review Yossef Daath No.4,(7) Immanual Aboab, "A Consolacam as Tribulacoes de Israel, III Israel",(8) H. Graetz, History of the Jews

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